Learner-centered approach in education
The educational landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, challenging traditional pedagogical models in the face of the dynamic demands of the 21st century. Two divergent paradigms, the conventional banking model and the progressive learner-centered approach, highlight this pivotal shift.
The banking model of education, rooted in a traditional, teacher- centric philosophy, conceptualizes knowledge as a commodity deposited into the receptive minds of students. This unidirectional transfer of information emphasizes rote memorization and passive learning, treating students as mere vessels waiting to be filled. In this model, the teacher assumes a role of authority, and individual student needs, interests, and experiences often take a backseat, resulting in a standardized and inflexible educational experience. “In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.”(Freire, P. (2000) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 30th Edition, Bloomsbury Academic, New York)
An illustrative example from Poland’s history education system sheds light on this approach. Traditional education is commonly characterized by a factual approach and by methods of verifying knowledge. Examinations historically involve answering questions such as “What? Who? Where? and When?” In this conventional model, knowing about the Prussian Homage would entail reciting specific details: “Zygmunt I the Old with Albrecht Hohenzollern, on April 10, 1525, in Kraków market square.” The focus is on memorizing precise dates and details, without delving into the deeper significance of the event. The model fails to encourage students to reflect on fundamental questions such as why history is essential, its purpose, and the relevance of learning it in school. This methodical approach is reflected in the examination system where students are seldom prompted to provide narrative or critical analysis. For instance, if someone not professionally connected with history were asked to construct a meaningful 10-sentence narrative about the Prussian Homage and explain its significance, the likelihood of success would be minimal. The reason lies in our approach toward understanding the past, primarily focused on facts and events. (Kierzkowski, Michał. (2017). Oral history and historical education in Poland. Possibilities and application. Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej. 6. 81. 10.26774/wrhm.150)
The limitation of the banking model becomes evident when individuals, educated within this framework, find it challenging to contextualize historical events and understand their broader implications. The emphasis on rote memorization stifles creativity, critical thinking, and the ability to construct a coherent narrative. In this example, the banking model reveals its shortcomings in fostering a deep and meaningful understanding of historical events.
As we progress further into the 21st century, marked by rapid technological advancements and societal shifts, the importance of core competences becomes increasingly crucial. The demand for a workforce equipped with skills such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, and adaptability underscores the relevance of an education system that prioritizes these competences. The learner-centered approach inherently integrates and develops these core competences by providing students with opportunities to engage actively, think critically, and collaborate with peers. This approach is not just about imparting knowledge; it’s about equipping students with the tools to navigate a complex, ever-changing world.
In stark contrast to the banking model, the learner-centered approach signifies a paradigm shift towards a more personalized and interactive educational experience, thus answering the need for the new competences. Here, the focal point shifts to the individual student, acknowledging their unique needs, interests, and experiences. Teachers, in this model, transform into facilitators, guiding students through active exploration, critical thinking, and collaborative learning. Learner-centered education encourages students to take ownership of their educational journey, fostering a dynamic and personalized learning environment.
Moreover, integrating insights from critical pedagogy enriches the learner-centered approach by infusing a critical analysis of power structures and societal norms. Critical pedagogy encourages students not only to question the content of knowledge but also to critically examine the social and political dimensions surrounding that knowledge. By challenging societal inequalities and fostering social justice, critical pedagogy aligns seamlessly with the learner-centered approach’s emphasis on empowering students to become active agents of change.
In envisioning the future of education, the learner-centered approach emerges as a transformative force, a departure from the traditional banking model that may no longer adequately prepare students for the complexities of the modern world. This approach, with its emphasis on individualized learning, critical thinking, and collaboration, aligns with the evolving needs of the 21st century. By embracing the principles of learner-centered education enriched by critical pedagogy, and emphasizing the cultivation of core competences, we pave the way for a more inclusive, socially conscious, and empowering educational experience. As we navigate the intricate terrain of the future, the learner-centered approach becomes a guiding light, illuminating the path towards an education that not only equips students with knowledge but also empowers them to critically engage with the world and effect positive change.
